This document introduces the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark. It also explains:
- How to audit your compliance with the benchmark
- What GKE on AWS configures where you cannot implement a recommendation yourself.
Using the CIS Benchmarks
The Center for Internet Security (CIS) releases benchmarks for best practice security recommendations. The CIS Kubernetes Benchmark provides a set of recommendations for configuring Kubernetes to support a strong security posture. The Benchmark is tied to a specific Kubernetes release. The CIS Kubernetes Benchmark is written for the open source Kubernetes distribution and intended to be as universally applicable across distributions as possible.
Versions
Note that the version numbers for different Benchmarks may not be the same.
This document refers to these versions:
| Anthos version | Kubernetes version | CIS Kubernetes Benchmark version |
|---|---|---|
| 1.14.0 | 1.25.3 | 1.23 |
CIS Kubernetes Benchmark
Accessing the Benchmark
The CIS Kubernetes Benchmark is available on the CIS website.
Recommendation Levels
In the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark, there are two levels of recommendations.
| Level | Description |
|---|---|
| Level 1 | Recommendations intend to: |
| Level 2 | Extends the Level 1 profile. Recommendations exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: |
Assessment Status
An assessment status is included for every recommendation. The assessment status indicates whether the given recommendation can be automated or requires manual steps to implement. Both statuses are equally important and are determined and supported as defined below:
| Scoring | Description |
|---|---|
| Automated | Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control can be fully automated and validated to a pass/fail state. Recommendations will include the necessary information to implement automation. |
| Manual | Represents recommendations for which assessment of a technical control cannot be fully automated and requires all or some manual steps to validate that the configured state is set as expected. The expected state can vary depending on the environment. |
Evaluation on GKE on AWS
We use the following values to specify the status of Kubernetes Recommendations in GKE on AWS:
| Status | Description |
|---|---|
| Pass | Complies with a Benchmark Recommendation. |
| Fail | Does not comply with a Benchmark Recommendation. |
| Equivalent Control | Does not comply with the exact terms in the Benchmark Recommendation, but other mechanisms in GKE on AWS exist to provide equivalent security controls. |
| Depends on Environment | GKE on AWS does not configure items related to this Recommendation. The user's configuration determines whether their environment complies with a Benchmark Recommendation. |
Status on GKE on AWS
When creating a new cluster with the specified version, here's how it will perform against the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark.
Status of GKE on AWS clusters:
| # | Recommendation | Level | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Control Plane Security Configuration | ||
| 1.1 | Control Plane Node Configuration Files | ||
| 1.1.1 | Ensure that the API server pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.2 | Ensure that the API server pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.3 | Ensure that the controller manager pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.4 | Ensure that the controller manager pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.5 | Ensure that the scheduler pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.6 | Ensure that the scheduler pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.7 | Ensure that the etcd pod specification file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.8 | Ensure that the etcd pod specification file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.9 | Ensure that the Container Network Interface file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.10 | Ensure that the Container Network Interface file ownership is set to root:root (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.11 | Ensure that the etcd data directory permissions are set to 700 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.12 | Ensure that the etcd data directory ownership is set to etcd:etcd (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.13 | Ensure that the admin.conf file permissions are set to 600 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.14 | Ensure that the admin.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.1.15 | Ensure that the scheduler.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.16 | Ensure that the scheduler.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.17 | Ensure that the controller-manager.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.18 | Ensure that the controller-manager.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.19 | Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI directory and file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.20 | Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI certificate file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.1.21 | Ensure that the Kubernetes PKI key file permissions are set to 600 (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2 | API Server | ||
| 1.2.1 | Ensure that the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.2 | Ensure that the --token-auth-file parameter is not set (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.3 | Ensure that the --DenyServiceExternalIPs is not set (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.4 | Ensure that the --kubelet-https argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.5 | Ensure that the --kubelet-client-certificate and --kubelet-client-key arguments are set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.6 | Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.7 | Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is not set to AlwaysAllow (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.8 | Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument includes Node (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.9 | Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.10 | Ensure that the admission control plugin EventRateLimit is set (Manual) | L1 | Warn |
| 1.2.11 | Ensure that the admission control plugin AlwaysAdmit is not set (Automated) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.12 | Ensure that the admission control plugin AlwaysPullImages is set (Manual) | L1 | Warn |
| 1.2.13 | Ensure that the admission control plugin SecurityContextDeny is set if PodSecurityPolicy is not used (Manual) | L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.2.14 | Ensure that the admission control plugin ServiceAccount is set (Automated) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.15 | Ensure that the admission control plugin NamespaceLifecycle is set (Automated) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.16 | Ensure that the admission control plugin NodeRestriction is set (Automated) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.17 | Ensure that the --secure-port argument is not set to 0 (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.18 | Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.19 | Ensure that the --audit-log-path argument is set (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.2.20 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxage argument is set to 30 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.2.21 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxbackup argument is set to 10 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.2.22 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxsize argument is set to 100 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 1.2.23 | Ensure that the --request-timeout argument is set as appropriate (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.24 | Ensure that the --service-account-lookup argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.25 | Ensure that the --service-account-key-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.26 | Ensure that the --etcd-certfile and --etcd-keyfile arguments are set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.27 | Ensure that the --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.28 | Ensure that the --client-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.29 | Ensure that the --etcd-cafile argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.30 | Ensure that the --encryption-provider-config argument is set as appropriate (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.31 | Ensure that encryption providers are appropriately configured (Manual) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.2.32 | Ensure that the API Server only makes use of Strong Cryptographic Ciphers (Manual) | L1 | Pass |
| 1.3 | Controller Manager | ||
| 1.3.1 | Ensure that the --terminated-pod-gc-threshold argument is set as appropriate (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.3.2 | Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.3.3 | Ensure that the --use-service-account-credentials argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.3.4 | Ensure that the --service-account-private-key-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.3.5 | Ensure that the --root-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.3.6 | Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true (Automated) | L2 | Pass |
| 1.3.7 | Ensure that the --bind-address argument is set to 127.0.0.1 (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.4 | Scheduler | ||
| 1.4.1 | Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 1.4.2 | Ensure that the --bind-address argument is set to 127.0.0.1 (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2 | Etcd Node Configuration | ||
| 2 | Etcd Node Configuration | ||
| 2.1 | Ensure that the --cert-file and --key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.2 | Ensure that the --client-cert-auth argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.3 | Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.4 | Ensure that the --peer-cert-file and --peer-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.5 | Ensure that the --peer-client-cert-auth argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.6 | Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 2.7 | Ensure that a unique Certificate Authority is used for etcd (Manual) | L2 | Pass |
| 3 | Control Plane Configuration | ||
| 3.1 | Authentication and Authorization | ||
| 3.1.1 | Client certificate authentication should not be used for users (Manual) | L2 | Equivalent Control |
| 3.2 | Logging | ||
| 3.2.1 | Ensure that a minimal audit policy is created (Manual) | L1 | Pass |
| 3.2.2 | Ensure that the audit policy covers key security concerns (Manual) | L2 | Equivalent Control |
| 4 | Worker Node Security Configuration | ||
| 4.1 | Worker Node Configuration Files | ||
| 4.1.1 | Ensure that the kubelet service file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.2 | Ensure that the kubelet service file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.3 | If proxy kubeconfig file exists ensure permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.4 | If proxy kubeconfig file exists ensure ownership is set to root:root (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.5 | Ensure that the --kubeconfig kubelet.conf file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.6 | Ensure that the --kubeconfig kubelet.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.7 | Ensure that the certificate authorities file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.8 | Ensure that the client certificate authorities file ownership is set to root:root (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.9 | Ensure that the kubelet --config configuration file has permissions set to 644 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.1.10 | Ensure that the kubelet --config configuration file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2 | Kubelet | ||
| 4.2.1 | Ensure that the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.2 | Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is not set to AlwaysAllow (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.3 | Ensure that the --client-ca-file argument is set as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.4 | Ensure that the --read-only-port argument is set to 0 (Manual) |
L1 | Fail |
| 4.2.5 | Ensure that the --streaming-connection-idle-timeout argument is not set to 0 (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.6 | Ensure that the --protect-kernel-defaults argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Fail |
| 4.2.7 | Ensure that the --make-iptables-util-chains argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.8 | Ensure that the --hostname-override argument is not set (Manual) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.9 | Ensure that the --event-qps argument is set to 0 or a level which ensures appropriate event capture (Manual) |
L2 | Warn |
| 4.2.10 | Ensure that the --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control |
| 4.2.11 | Ensure that the --rotate-certificates argument is not set to false (Automated) |
L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.12 | Verify that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true (Manual) | L1 | Pass |
| 4.2.13 | Ensure that the Kubelet only makes use of Strong Cryptographic Ciphers (Manual) | L1 | Pass |
Descriptions of Failures and Equivalent Controls for GKE on AWS admin cluster:
| # | Recommendation | Level | Status | Value | Justification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.9 | Ensure that the Container Network Interface file permissions are set to 644 or more restrictive (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | 755 |
Anthos clusters on AWS Container Network Interface path is /opt/cni/bin, and its permission is set to 755 for the normal cluster operation. |
| 1.1.10 | Ensure that the Container Network Interface file ownership is set to root:root (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | root:root |
Anthos clusters on AWS Container Network Interface path is /opt/cni/bin, and its ownership is set to root:root. |
| 1.1.11 | Ensure that the etcd data directory permissions are set to 700 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | 755 |
The etcd data directory /opt/data/var/lib/etcd has the default 755 permissions but its subdirectories are 700. |
| 1.1.12 | Ensure that the etcd data directory ownership is set to etcd:etcd (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | root:root |
The etcd container runs as root and the etcd data directory is owned by root:root. |
| 1.1.13 | Ensure that the admin.conf file permissions are set to 600 or more restrictive (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS does not support kubeadm. |
| 1.1.14 | Ensure that the admin.conf file ownership is set to root:root (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS does not support kubeadm. |
| 1.2.10 | Ensure that the admission control plugin EventRateLimit is set (Manual) | L1 | Warn | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS does not support the Event Rate Limit admission controller as it is a Kubernetes Alpha feature. |
| 1.2.12 | Ensure that the admission control plugin AlwaysPullImages is set (Manual) | L1 | Warn | not set | The AlwaysPullImages admission controller provides some protection for private registry images in noncooperative multitenant clusters, at the cost of making container registries a single-point-of-failure for creating new Pods across the entire cluster. GKE on AWS does not enable the AlwaysPullImages admission controller, which leaves it up to cluster admins to implement admission policy to make this tradeoff for themselves. |
| 1.2.13 | Ensure that the admission control plugin SecurityContextDeny is set if PodSecurityPolicy is not used (Manual) | L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS defines default security policies. Customers can set security-related options with a security context. More on Security overview. |
| 1.2.19 | Ensure that the --audit-log-path argument is set (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS provides cloud audit logging option. More on Cloud Audit Logs. |
| 1.2.20 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxage argument is set to 30 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS provides cloud audit logging option. More on Cloud Audit Logs. |
| 1.2.21 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxbackup argument is set to 10 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS provides cloud audit logging option. More on Cloud Audit Logs. |
| 1.2.22 | Ensure that the --audit-log-maxsize argument is set to 100 or as appropriate (Automated) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS provides cloud audit logging option. More on Cloud Audit Logs. |
| 3.1.1 | Client certificate authentication should not be used for users (Manual) | L2 | Equivalent Control | Anthos clusters on AWS supports OIDC as one of the authentication mechanisms for connecting to cluster, more on Connect and authenticate to your cluster. | |
| 3.2.2 | Ensure that the audit policy covers key security concerns (Manual) | L2 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS provides cloud audit logging option. More on Cloud Audit Logs. |
| 4.2.4 | Ensure that the --read-only-port argument is set to 0 (Manual) |
L1 | Fail | 10255 | Anthos clusters on AWS currently sets the --read-only-port argument to 10255 for collecting metrics from kubelet. |
| 4.2.6 | Ensure that the --protect-kernel-defaults argument is set to true (Automated) |
L1 | Fail | false |
Anthos clusters on AWS allows kubelet to set its necessary kernel settings. |
| 4.2.9 | Ensure that the --event-qps argument is set to 0 or a level which ensures appropriate event capture (Manual) |
L2 | Warn | not set | Events are Kubernetes objects stored in etcd. To avoid overwhelming etcd they are only kept for one hour, and are not an appropriate security auditing mechanism. Allowing unlimited events as suggested in this control exposes the cluster to unnecessary DoS risk and contradicts the recommendation to use admission EventRateLimits. Security relevant events that need permanent storage should be sent to logs. |
| 4.2.10 | Ensure that the --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file arguments are set as appropriate (Manual) |
L1 | Equivalent Control | not set | Anthos clusters on AWS manages kubelet server TLS using the serverTLSBootstrap flag. |
How to audit Benchmarks
Specific instructions for auditing each recommendation are available as part of the relevant CIS Benchmark. However, you may wish to automate some of these checks to simplify the verification of these controls in your environment. The tools listed below can help with this.
Automated auditing of the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark
You can use an open-source tool
kube-bench
to test your cluster configuration against the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark.
Make sure to specify the appropriate version, for example,
kube-bench node --benchmark cis-1.23