Connect from Cloud Build

This page contains information and examples for connecting to a Cloud SQL instance from a service running in Cloud Build.

Cloud SQL is a fully-managed database service that helps you set up, maintain, manage, and administer your relational databases in the cloud.

Cloud Build is a service that executes your builds on Google Cloud infrastructure.

Set up a Cloud SQL instance

  1. Enable the Cloud SQL Admin API in the Google Cloud project that you are connecting from, if you haven't already done so:

    Enable the API

  2. Create a Cloud SQL for SQL Server instance. We recommend that you choose a Cloud SQL instance location in the same region as your Cloud Run service for better latency, to avoid some networking costs, and to reduce cross region failure risks.

    By default, Cloud SQL assigns a public IP address to a new instance. You also have the option to assign a private IP address. For more information about the connectivity options for both, see the Connecting Overview page.

Configure Cloud Build

The steps to configure Cloud Build depend on the type of IP address that you assigned to your Cloud SQL instance.

Public IP (default)

Make sure your Cloud Build service account has the IAM roles and permissions required to connect to the Cloud SQL instance. The Cloud Build service account is listed on the Google Cloud console IAM page as the Principal [YOUR-PROJECT-NUMBER]@cloudbuild.gserviceaccount.com.

To view this service account in the Google Cloud console, select the Include Google-provided role grants checkbox.

Your Cloud Build service account needs one of the following IAM roles:

  • Cloud SQL Client (preferred)
  • Cloud SQL Admin
Or, you can manually assign the following IAM permissions:
  • cloudsql.instances.connect
  • cloudsql.instances.get

If the Cloud Build service account belongs to a different project than the Cloud SQL instance, then the Cloud SQL Admin API and IAM permissions need to be added for both projects.

Private IP

To connect to your Cloud SQL instance over private IP, Cloud Build must be in the same VPC network as your Cloud SQL instance. To configure this:

  1. Set up a private connection between the VPC network of your Cloud SQL instance and the service producer network.
  2. Create a Cloud Build private pool.

Once configured, your application will be able to connect directly using your instance's private IP address and port 1433 when your build is run in the pool.

Connect to Cloud SQL

After you configure Cloud Build, you can connect to your Cloud SQL instance.

Public IP (default)

For public IP paths, Cloud Build supports TCP sockets.

You can use the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy in a Cloud Build step to allow connections to your database. This configuration:

  1. Builds your container and pushes it to Container Registry.
  2. Builds a second container, copying in the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy binary.
  3. Using the second container, starts the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy and runs any migration commands.
steps:
  - id: "docker-build"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["build", "-t", "${_IMAGE_NAME}", "sql-proxy/."]

  - id: "docker-push"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["push", "${_IMAGE_NAME}"]

  - id: "docker-layer"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        echo "FROM $_IMAGE_NAME
        COPY --from=gcr.io/cloud-sql-connectors/cloud-sql-proxy /cloud-sql-proxy /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy" > Dockerfile-proxy;

        docker build -f Dockerfile-proxy -t ${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy .

  # For TCP connections
  - id: "migrate-tcp"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy"
    dir: sql-proxy
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=${_DATABASE_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_USER=${_DATABASE_USER}"
      - "DATABASE_HOST=127.0.0.1"
      - "DATABASE_PORT=${_DATABASE_PORT}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy --port ${_DATABASE_PORT} ${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME} & sleep 2;
        python migrate.py # for example

  # For Unix Socket connections
  - id: "migrate-socket"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}-proxy"
    dir: sql-proxy
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=${_DATABASE_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_USER=${_DATABASE_USER}"
      - "INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME=${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: /bin/bash
    args:
      - '-c'
      - |
        /cloudsql/cloud-sql-proxy --unix-socket /cloudsql ${_INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME} & sleep 2;
        if [ $_DATABASE_TYPE = 'mssql' ]; then echo "MSSQL doesn't support Unix Sockets. Skippng."; exit 0; fi;
        python migrate.py # for example.

options:
  dynamic_substitutions: true

substitutions:
  _DATABASE_USER: myuser
  _DATABASE_NAME: mydatabase
  _INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME: ${PROJECT_ID}:us-central1:myinstance
  _DATABASE_PORT: '5432'
  _DATABASE_TYPE: postgres
  _DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY: database_password
  _IMAGE_NAME: gcr.io/${PROJECT_ID}/sample-sql-proxy

availableSecrets:
  secretManager:
    - versionName: projects/$PROJECT_ID/secrets/${_DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY}/versions/latest
      env: DATABASE_PASS

The Cloud Build code sample above shows how you might run a hypothetical migrate script after deploying the sample app above to update its Cloud SQL database using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy and Cloud Build. To run this Cloud Build code sample the setup steps required are:

  1. Create a folder name sql-proxy
  2. Create a Dockerfile file in the sql-proxy folder with the following single line of code for its file contents: 

    FROM gcr.io/gcp-runtimes/ubuntu_20_0_4

  3. Create a cloudbuild.yaml file in the sql-proxy folder.
  4. Update the cloudbuild.yaml file:
    1. Copy the sample Cloud Build code above and paste it into the cloudbuild.yaml file.
    2. Update the example code _DATABASE_TYPE within the substitutions: block to be mssql.
    3. Update the example code _DATABASE_PORT within the substitutions: block to be 1433, which is the port used by SQL Server.
    4. Replace the following placeholder values with the values used in your project:
      • mydatabase
      • myuser
      • myinstance
  5. Create a secret named database_password in Secret Manager.
  6. Create a migrate.py script file in the sql-proxy folder.
    • The script can reference the following environment variables and the secret created in the cloudbuild.yaml file using the following examples:
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME')
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_USER')
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_PASS')
      • os.getenv('INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME')
    • To reference the same variables from a Bash script (for example: migrate.sh) use the following examples:
      • $DATABASE_NAME
      • $DATABASE_USER
      • $DATABASE_PASS
      • $INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME
  7. Run the following gcloud builds submit command to build a container with the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, start the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, and run the migrate.py script: 

    gcloud builds submit --config cloudbuild.yaml

Private IP

For private IP paths, your application connects directly to your instance through private pools. This method uses TCP to connect directly to the Cloud SQL instance without using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy.

Connect with TCP

Connect using the private IP address of your Cloud SQL instance as the host and port 1433.

Python

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

import os

import sqlalchemy


def connect_tcp_socket() -> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:
    """Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of SQL Server."""
    # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
    # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
    # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
    # keep secrets safe.
    db_host = os.environ[
        "INSTANCE_HOST"
    ]  # e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
    db_user = os.environ["DB_USER"]  # e.g. 'my-db-user'
    db_pass = os.environ["DB_PASS"]  # e.g. 'my-db-password'
    db_name = os.environ["DB_NAME"]  # e.g. 'my-database'
    db_port = os.environ["DB_PORT"]  # e.g. 1433

    pool = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
        # Equivalent URL:
        # mssql+pytds://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>
        sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(
            drivername="mssql+pytds",
            username=db_user,
            password=db_pass,
            database=db_name,
            host=db_host,
            port=db_port,
        ),
        # ...
    )

    return pool

Java

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

Note:

  • CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME should be represented as <MY-PROJECT>:<INSTANCE-REGION>:<INSTANCE-NAME>
  • Using the argument ipTypes=PRIVATE will force the SocketFactory to connect with an instance's associated private IP
  • See the JDBC socket factory version requirements for the pom.xml file here . 


import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;
import com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;
import javax.sql.DataSource;

public class TcpConnectionPoolFactory extends ConnectionPoolFactory {

  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  private static final String DB_USER = System.getenv("DB_USER");
  private static final String DB_PASS = System.getenv("DB_PASS");
  private static final String DB_NAME = System.getenv("DB_NAME");

  private static final String INSTANCE_HOST = System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");
  private static final String DB_PORT = System.getenv("DB_PORT");


  public static DataSource createConnectionPool() {
    // The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.
    HikariConfig config = new HikariConfig();

    // Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.
    config.setJdbcUrl(
        String.format("jdbc:sqlserver://%s:%s;databaseName=%s", INSTANCE_HOST, DB_PORT, DB_NAME));
    config.setUsername(DB_USER); // e.g. "root", "sqlserver"
    config.setPassword(DB_PASS); // e.g. "my-password"


    // ... Specify additional connection properties here.
    // ...

    // Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.
    return new HikariDataSource(config);
  }
}

Node.js

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

const mssql = require('mssql');

// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of SQL Server.
const createTcpPool = async config => {
  // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  // keep secrets safe.
  const dbConfig = {
    server: process.env.INSTANCE_HOST, // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
    port: parseInt(process.env.DB_PORT), // e.g. 1433
    user: process.env.DB_USER, // e.g. 'my-db-user'
    password: process.env.DB_PASS, // e.g. 'my-db-password'
    database: process.env.DB_NAME, // e.g. 'my-database'
    options: {
      trustServerCertificate: true,
    },
    // ... Specify additional properties here.
    ...config,
  };
  // Establish a connection to the database.
  return mssql.connect(dbConfig);
};

Go

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

package cloudsql

import (
	"database/sql"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"
	"strings"

	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
)

// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL
// instance of SQL Server.
func connectTCPSocket() (*sql.DB, error) {
	mustGetenv := func(k string) string {
		v := os.Getenv(k)
		if v == "" {
			log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.\n", k)
		}
		return v
	}
	// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
	// secure - consider a more secure solution such as
	// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
	// keep secrets safe.
	var (
		dbUser    = mustGetenv("DB_USER")       // e.g. 'my-db-user'
		dbPwd     = mustGetenv("DB_PASS")       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
		dbTCPHost = mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST") // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)
		dbPort    = mustGetenv("DB_PORT")       // e.g. '1433'
		dbName    = mustGetenv("DB_NAME")       // e.g. 'my-database'
	)

	dbURI := fmt.Sprintf("server=%s;user id=%s;password=%s;port=%s;database=%s;",
		dbTCPHost, dbUser, dbPwd, dbPort, dbName)


	// dbPool is the pool of database connections.
	dbPool, err := sql.Open("sqlserver", dbURI)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w", err)
	}

	// ...

	return dbPool, nil
}

C#

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

using Microsoft.Data.SqlClient;
using System;

namespace CloudSql
{
    public class SqlServerTcp
    {
        public static SqlConnectionStringBuilder NewSqlServerTCPConnectionString()
        {
            // Equivalent connection string:
            // "User Id=<DB_USER>;Password=<DB_PASS>;Server=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"
            var connectionString = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder()
            {
                // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
                // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
                // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
                // keep secrets safe.
                DataSource = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"), // e.g. '127.0.0.1'
                // Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environment
                UserID = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"),         // e.g. 'my-db-user'
                Password = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"),       // e.g. 'my-db-password'
                InitialCatalog = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"), // e.g. 'my-database'

                // The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance
                Encrypt = false,
            };
            connectionString.Pooling = true;
            // Specify additional properties here.
            return connectionString;
        }
    }
}

Ruby

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

tcp: &tcp
  adapter: sqlserver
  # Configure additional properties here.
  # Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
  # secure - consider a more secure solution such as
  # Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
  # keep secrets safe.
  username: <%= ENV["DB_USER"] %>  # e.g. "my-database-user"
  password: <%= ENV["DB_PASS"] %> # e.g. "my-database-password"
  database: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>
  host: <%= ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST") { "127.0.0.1" }%> # '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex
  port: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_PORT") { 1433 }%>

PHP

To see this snippet in the context of a web application, view the README on GitHub.

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\SQLServer;

use PDO;
use PDOException;
use RuntimeException;
use TypeError;

class DatabaseTcp
{
    public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO
    {
        try {
            // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not
            // secure - consider a more secure solution such as
            // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help
            // keep secrets safe.
            $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user'
            $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password'
            $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name'
            $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex)

            // Connect using TCP
            $dsn = sprintf(
                'sqlsrv:server=%s;Database=%s',
                $instanceHost,
                $dbName
            );

            // Connect to the database
            $conn = new PDO(
                $dsn,
                $username,
                $password,
                # ...
            );
        } catch (TypeError $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' .
                        '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' .
                        'The PHP error was %s',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        } catch (PDOException $e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                sprintf(
                    'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' .
                        'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' .
                        'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' .
                        'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s',
                    'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/sqlserver/connect-external-app',
                    $e->getMessage()
                ),
                (int) $e->getCode(),
                $e
            );
        }

        return $conn;
    }
}

You can then create a Cloud Build step to run your code directly. 

steps:
  - id: "docker-build"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["build", "-t", "${_IMAGE_NAME}", "sql-private-pool/."]

  - id: "docker-push"
    name: "gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker"
    args: ["push", "${_IMAGE_NAME}"]

  - id: "migration"
    name: "${_IMAGE_NAME}"
    dir: sql-private-pool
    env:
      - "DATABASE_NAME=mydatabase"
      - "DATABASE_USER=myuser"
      - "DATABASE_HOST=${_DATABASE_HOST}"
      - "DATABASE_TYPE=${_DATABASE_TYPE}"
    secretEnv:
      - DATABASE_PASS
    entrypoint: python   # for example
    args: ["migrate.py"] # for example

options:
  pool:
    name: projects/$PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/workerPools/private-pool
  dynamic_substitutions: true

substitutions:
  _DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY: database_password
  _DATABASE_TYPE: postgres
  _IMAGE_NAME: gcr.io/${PROJECT_ID}/sample-private-pool

availableSecrets:
  secretManager:
    - versionName: projects/$PROJECT_ID/secrets/${_DATABASE_PASSWORD_KEY}/versions/latest
      env: DATABASE_PASS

The Cloud Build code sample above shows how you might run a hypothetical migrate script after deploying the sample app above to update its Cloud SQL database using Cloud Build. To run this Cloud Build code sample the setup steps required are:

  1. Create a folder name sql-private-pool
  2. Create a Dockerfile file in the sql-private-pool folder with the following single line of code for its file contents: 

    FROM gcr.io/gcp-runtimes/ubuntu_20_0_4

  3. Create a cloudbuild.yaml file in the sql-private-pool folder.
  4. Update the cloudbuild.yaml file:
    1. Copy the sample Cloud Build code above and paste it into the cloudbuild.yaml file.
    2. Replace the following placeholder values with the values used in your project:
      • mydatabase
      • myuser
      • databasehost, in the form host:port.
  5. Create a secret named database_password in Secret Manager.
  6. Create a migrate.py script file in the sql-proxy folder.
    • The script can reference the following environment variables and the secret created in the cloudbuild.yaml file using the following examples:
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_NAME')
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_USER')
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_PASS')
      • os.getenv('DATABASE_HOST')
    • To reference the same variables from a Bash script (for example: migrate.sh) use the following examples:
      • $DATABASE_NAME
      • $DATABASE_USER
      • $DATABASE_PASS
      • $DATABASE_HOST
  7. Run the following gcloud builds submit command to build a container with the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, start the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy, and run the migrate.py script: 

    gcloud builds submit --config cloudbuild.yaml

Best practices and other information

You can use the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy when testing your application locally. See the quickstart for using the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy for detailed instructions.

You can also test using the Cloud SQL Proxy via a docker container.

Database schema migrations

By configuring Cloud Build to connect to Cloud SQL, you can run database schema migration tasks in Cloud Build using the same code you would deploy to any other serverless platform.

Using Secret Manager

You can use Secret Manager to include sensitive information in your builds.